( ).Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.Īdult females and males in most mammal species exhibit sex specific characteristics mainly determined by their exposure to sex hormones during embryonic development, including behavioral features affected by the differential impact of these hormones on the developing nervous system. ( ) ET- Ministry of Economics and Competitiveness ( ) ET- Department of Biology (UAM) Research Funds. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting information files.įunding: ET- Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation. Received: FebruAccepted: DecemPublished: August 22, 2023Ĭopyright: © 2023 Lupu et al. PLoS ONE 18(8):Įditor: Ashlyn Swift-Gallant, Memorial University of Newfoundland, CANADA In our opinion, 2D:4D can be used cautiously as an indicator of intrauterine exposure to sex hormones taking into account some considerations, such as analysing a very large sample and taking careful measurements of the ethnicity of the sample.Ĭitation: Lupu DC, Monedero I, Rodriguez-Ruiz C, Pita M, Turiegano E (2023) In support of 2D:4D: More data exploring its conflicting results on handedness, sexual orientation and sex differences. Our main conclusion is that 2D:4D shows differences between sexes beyond their disparity in body size. Finally, we did not find any relationship between 2D:4D and handedness, evaluated through self-reported preference and hand performance. We attribute this discordance with previously published meta-analysis to differences in genetic background, a variable that has gained relevance in recent years in studies involving 2D:4D. We have also tested the association between sexual orientation and 2D:4D, finding a relationship between 2D:4D and sexual orientation in men but not in women. In any case, the deviation from isometry is not large enough to explain the typically observed sex difference in this trait. Our results show that the association is either allometric or isometric, depending on the analyses performed. Given that it has been argued that sex differences in 2D:4D could be a consequence of body-size differences, we have tested in a large sample the allometric relationship between finger lengths and body size. Controversy has also extended to the 2D:4D association with individual features previously related to this exposure such as handedness and sexual orientation. In the last few years, several studies have questioned the value of the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) as a measure of exposure to sex hormones before birth.
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